VW has commented on the matter.
After my workshop tried to obtain authorization from the VAG dealership that provided the warranty to replace the turbocharger, the dealership wanted to take the car to perform the repair themselves.
Okay. It's only 70 km...

, at least there's a free rental polo...
Today, I received a call: 'The car is ready, but the charger is still the same.' They replaced the charge pressure control valve.
I put it in gear and started driving. After the first 400 meters, I immediately noticed that the car still doesn't really start running properly until around 1800 RPM. Before that, there's nothing; you can clearly see this on the fuel consumption display, which stays at around 6 liters per 100 kilometers and then suddenly jumps to around 13 liters per 100 kilometers above 1800 RPM.
So, they went straight back and complained.
The mechanic came in and then gave me a quote. When I pointed out that the problem wasn't at 3000 RPM ('I don't understand what you want. It pulls really well at that speed'), he just said that you can't really measure the boost pressure at low RPM anyway, and that a 'guided troubleshooting' process almost always results in a faulty turbocharger. The VAG 1552 scanner that was then connected showed reasonable pressure readings even under load (after the car had been modified) starting at 1400 RPM.
However, the pressure difference without load, both with and without the activated VTG, is still only 60 mbar.
What bothers me the most is the statement that guided troubleshooting is essentially garbage.
Could it perhaps be my fault? Should the boat perhaps only be operated above 1800 RPM when the engine has reached its operating temperature? Is there perhaps a protective function that prevents excessive pressure buildup in an engine that is not yet warm (and thus prevents overloading)?