Hello!
With great joy and a little bit of pride, I announce that I have found the error!
And specifically, the exhaust pipe was blocked. You read that right, the exhaust pipe. After a lot of pondering and studying, I noticed the somewhat strong smell of exhaust fumes, which is actually not normal for a TDI; they usually all smell kind of like a catalytic converter, or something like that! That was somehow my clue. I then removed the catalytic converter and, lo and behold, the catalytic converter tube was empty at first glance

. Then I looked more closely and discovered a blockage in the first bend after the catalytic converter. After a few hammer blows, pieces started to appear...
Then I asked the owner if he had ever noticed any rattling coming from the catalytic converter... He said it had rattled for a while, but after a long highway drive, it stopped. Apparently, the catalytic converter had come loose internally and the vibrations caused it to shrink in diameter until the rest of the turbocharger was blown into the bend

.
And with turbo engines, even a relatively small amount of back pressure is enough to significantly reduce the efficiency of the turbocharger, as my case here demonstrates!
The fact is... the bus is running like crazy again

.
Thank you all again for the answers!!! And maybe check the exhaust

if you experience mysterious performance issues.
Greetings.
Martin.