Yes, I mean the charging rate!
'Are they simply placed above the stop?' So, I know that the AD (advertising) can be changed above it, but how is it supposed to be done according to VW's specifications?
The issue with the power loss makes me think: when I'm on vacation at a higher altitude, the engine always performs much better because I can increase the fuel injection amount almost to the point where it starts producing soot. Back home, at an altitude of 350 meters, it then behaves like before, producing soot and I have to reduce the fuel injection again.
Given that the 350cc difference probably doesn't make a huge difference in the filling volume, I think a little less resistance might also make a difference. And since removing the air filter along with the intake manifold and replacing the intake hose with a funnel doesn't change anything except the sound, the bottleneck must be somewhere else. And if it's the transition between the intake manifold and the cylinder head, and that's something that could be easily eliminated...
Saving money is clearly the more sensible option! However, when I look at the prices for those older multi-van models, I'm starting to think maybe I should reconsider.
I'm even to the point where I would take a VR6

.
I've also considered adding a turbocharger, but the effort required for the oil supply to the turbocharger is holding me back.
or install a Z1 or AHU engine – they fit the gearbox, so that would also be interesting and wouldn't cost too much. But, as you mentioned, the result probably wouldn't justify the effort, and the T4 TDIs aren't getting any cheaper either!
edit: The turbocharger from the TDI is originally electronically controlled.