This is simply the standard LMM (lambda measuring device) for gasoline engines. Naturally aspirated, non-turbo engines then require a temperature sensor for the 'charge' air

.
TDI engines only have a turbocharger air pressure sensor, which is used as a trigger for the glow plug heating system during engine start.
I can't quite understand this erratic clicking sound. The only possibility would be a completely faulty alternator or a problem in that area, causing the EDC (Electronic Drive Control) to start saving energy based on the load (DFM signal). If the alternator is then completely malfunctioning, the EDC will simply follow along.
You might want to look into that area sometime.
The afterglow feature has been disabled; it will no longer function above 2500 rpm.
Sure, here is the translation of the text from German to English:
'Cu Gremlin'