Can the problems described above be caused by a single hydraulic valve?
Yes, because the valve then doesn't open correctly;
Could it be that something went wrong during the timing belt replacement, which resulted in the cam being damaged?
More unlikely... how so?
I can check myself to see if the timing is correct.
The camshaft position by finding the marking on the crankshaft, and then, after removing the valve cover, check if a camshaft alignment tool would fit (if necessary). Rotate the crankshaft one more revolution, and then check again).
The TDI pump with the TDI graph that should be included with VAG COM;
By the way: in your case, the search function would have been very helpful
