'While a simple clamp was sufficient to retract the brake piston on older Passat 35i models, it seems that the pistons on newer models need to be retracted under pressure. Can anyone specify the direction and thread pitch required for retraction? Would it be feasible to use a 20mm threaded rod with a welded-on disc?'
Are you perhaps referring to the rear axle brake pistons (disc brakes)?
However, you need to turn and press something to release the automatically adjusting parking brake. It works perfectly (at least for me) using the key from a small angle grinder.