hello
That's probably due to the lack of power supply for the MAX232 chip...
It is generally powered from the vehicle's battery or a separate power supply.
if the USB adapter no longer has that feature, and if the interface on the other vehicle has also been cut, then nothing more can be done

.
(It's possible that your USB port on the laptop is not providing the full 5V/500mA output due to power-saving reasons!)
Please measure the voltages on the MAX232 when it's connected to the serial port and when it's connected to the USB adapter.
It is possible that the power supply can be enabled in the laptop's BIOS.
Alternatively, you can use a USB hub with an external power supply, which will then provide power to the USB adapter (if it's a USB-to-serial adapter).
In the worst-case scenario, you may need to resort to an external power supply for the MAX232.
Good luck!