Hello.
For those who are interested, here's the preliminary final result of my starter motor campaign:
Disassembled, cleaned, and the planetary gear was well-lubricated (the factory lubrication seemed a bit insufficient and also slightly dried out). Carbon brushes, commutator, etc. are still in excellent visual condition --> nothing was changed.
Reinstalled, cold and warm starts are essentially as before. It might start a little better when warm, but it's not like "Wow, it always starts on the first compression now"

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Shortly after delivery, I had already resoldered the crimped connections on all the thick cables between the battery, starter, and engine block, and I had also lubricated the contact points -> so there is no possibility of voltage or power loss at those points.
Therefore, my tractor remains a somewhat hesitant starter when cold.
If it bothers me, I'll eventually install a temperature sensor that tricks the system into thinking the engine is lukewarm when it's actually hot... we'll see what happens.