Possibly for documentation: I've been searching for a long time, and the problem seems to be not necessarily typical for a Passat 3B - but if anyone else has a similar problem in the future...
The interior on the passenger side was not only damp, but completely soaked... After several hours of searching, including removing the carpet, the source of the problem was finally found - and it wasn't the usual 'sunroof,' 'door seals'...
Located on the Schottwand between the engine compartment and the passenger side interior, underneath the bilge, is a rubber fitting through which the air conditioning lines run. It was also securely in place. But it was still leaking, because the retaining ring, which you can only properly access from the inside, had come loose...
Small cause, big effect. For the past week, it has been dry again
Best regards,
Marcus