The thought had crossed my mind as well, but I had already filled up my tank at Aral twice in the meantime! It really shouldn't be happening, especially since a colleague who also fills up there hasn't had any problems.
I took another look at the check valve; it's making a bit of a rattling noise, but it seems to be working.
Okay, here's the translation:
'Also, after I changed the filter, and it was still warm, I noticed a diesel smell. Then I saw that it was leaking from the return hose of the ESP (Exhaust Gas Recirculation system) near the return valve. This had never happened before! But at the time, I didn't think much of it, which is strange, isn't it? It seems like there's more resistance in the return flow, possibly due to the filter.'