Does that mean -- higher value --> more diesel??
Sure.
Does the engine (control unit) not regulate the fuel injection amount itself? What exactly am I changing with channel 1? Surely, many signals affect the actual fuel injection amount due to the fuel injection regulation?
already
The measurement for the injected amount is determined by the voltage of the interlocking system (control panel).
z.B. 2V = 20mg/H
(e.g., 2V = 20mg/H)
With channel 1, you can now modify the characteristic curve for this voltage, by shifting it globally upwards or downwards.
For the EDC, for example, the calculation results in: 3V = 20mg/H. Therefore, to achieve the target dose of 20, the device would be set to return a value of 3V. However, this would result in the injection of 30mg, as the hardware itself hasn't changed.
Of course, the adjustment options are not very extensive. The whole system is primarily intended to compensate for tolerances and wear. If you set the values to their limits, it can cause unpleasant jolting at idle. At idle, the speed control takes precedence. However, with a characteristic curve adapted to the limit, the control system will be oversteered (too fast/aggressive intervention), which then causes the machine to jerk.
One can argue about performance enhancements.

Everything from placebo effects to results that are not measurable falls within that range.
CU Gremlin.